I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V.
Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and
New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.
Ishii, M., A. Shouji, S. Sugimoto and T. Matsumoto, 2005: Objective Analyses of Sea-Surface
Temperature and Marine Meteorological Variables for the 20th Century Using ICOADS and
the KOBE Collection. Int. J. of Climatology, 25, 865-879.
Mantua, N. J. and S. R. Hare, 2002: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. J. Oceanogr., 58, 35-44,
doi: 10.1023/A:1015820616384.
Trenberth, K. E., J. M. Caron, D. P. Stepaniak and S. Worley, 2002: The evolution of El Niño–
Southern Oscillation and global atmospheric surface temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 107,
D8, doi: 10.1029/2000JD000298.
気象庁, 2011: 衛星データによる積雪域解析. 気候系監視資料 2010.
【第 3 章】
Dettinger, M. D. and M. Ghil, 1998: Seasonal and interannual variations of atmospheric CO2
and climate. Tellus, 50B, 1-24.
Doney, S. C., V. J. Fabry, R. A. Feely and J. A. Kleypas, 2009: Ocean acidification: The other CO2
problem, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 169–192, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834.
Iida, Y., A. Kojima, Y. Takatani, T. Nakano, T. Midorikawa, M. Ishii, 2015: Trends in pCO2 and
sea-air CO2 flux over the global open oceans for the last two decades. J. Oceanogr.
doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4.
IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group
I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V.
Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and
New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.
Keeling, C. D., S. C. Piper and M. Heimann, 1989: A three-dimensional model of atmospheric
CO2 transport based on observed winds: 4. Mean annual gradients and interannual
variations. AGU Monograph, 55, Washington, American Geophysical Union, 305-363 .
Keeling, C. D., T. P. Whorf, M. Wahlen and J. van der Plicht, 1995: Interannual extremes in the
rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980. Nature, 375, 666-670.
Kudo, R., A. Uchiyama, O. Ijima, N. Ohkawara, and S. Ohta, 2012: Aerosol impact on the
brightening in Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 117(D07208), doi:10.1029/2011JD017158.
Machida, T., H. Matsueda, Y. Sawa, Y. Nakagawa, K. Hirotani, N. Kondo, K. Goto, T.
Nakazawa, K. Ishikawa and T. Ogawa, 2008: Worldwide measurements of atmospheric CO2
and other trace gas species using commercial airlines. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25(10),
1744-1754, doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1082.1.
Matsueda, H., T. Machida, Y. Sawa and Y. Niwa, 2015: Long-term change of CO2 latitudinal
distribution in the upper troposphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 2508–2514,
doi:10.1002/2014GL062768.
Niwa, Y., K. Tsuboi, H. Matsueda, Y. Sawa, T. Machida, M. Nakamura, T. Kawasato, K. Saito, S.
Takatsuji, K. Tsuji, H. Nishi, K. Dehara, Y. Baba, D. Kuboike, S. Iwatsubo, H. Ohmori, Y.
Hanamiya, 2014: Seasonal Variations of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO in the Mid-Troposphere over
the Western North Pacific Observed Using a C-130H Cargo Aircraft. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan,
87